[quote]When the darkness came and caused the collapse, [i] what [/i] exactly came? The fallen? The hive? And after it caused the collapse, where did it go? Why does it have to come back when it could've killed us all the first time?[/quote]
The Collpase was a rapid series of events that the exact timeline is not yet entirely clear. The Darkness showed up and got fought off by the Traveler. Not permanently defeated but it retreated to lick its wounds. The Fallen showed up and started a genocide against our crippled people, the Vex woke up and started screwing with some planets, and Crota showed up and started converting Luna. The Cabal eventually showed up chasing the Vex.
[quote]In one mission, the hive have a shard of the traveler. [i]How[/i] did they get this shard? They certainly didn't come to the last city and take it without us knowing, because if it were that easy to get into the city, they would've wiped us out by now.[/quote]
The Traveler was damaged during the Collapse so there was probably plenty of scattered debris from that. Can be clearly seen on its underside. The City wasn't built for a couple centuries after the Collapse, so they had a lot of time to loot stuff.
[quote]The cabal have been looking for a way to kill guardians permanently but have no luck. Yet in the one of the first missions, you have to hunt down some vandals who killed guardians and took their ghosts and killed them too. And Petra killed an entire fire team by accident using an airstrike. Are we only hard to kill sometimes?[/quote]
The Cabal can kill us, they just want a more efficient method. Anyone can kill a guardian of you can get their ghost, but problem is ghosts don't tend to show themselves for long. The Cabal have found artillery strikes are especially good for the job, but that a gross waste of resources to use on enemy groups of 3-6 people. They just want a more efficient tool.
[quote]What is the traveler? Machine and metal? Or is it organic?[/quote]
A machine who champions the will and philosophy of the Light.
[quote]Traveler created ghosts. How come ghosts don't know shit about the traveler?[/quote]
Why would they? When you're born you don't automatically know everything about your parents, you just are.
[quote]What exactly is Light? There's solar light, void light, and arc light. Is there a pure version of light? Exposing a regular human being to the light, would that make them a guardian? Do you have to be dead to become a guardian?[/quote]
Light is a philosophy as well as one of the two underlying forces that govern existence outside of traditional physics (the other force being Darkness). It adheres to the idealized thought that the perfect universe lies in creating a harmonized existence, where all willing species work together to create an eternal golden age. Void, Arc, and Solar are just practical energy uses of the force that is Light.
[quote]We have crippled every fallen house except for the kings. Why are we still tied to one, last safe city on earth?[/quote]
We've crippled their [i]leadership[/i]. Numerically the houses are doing fine. The Devils alone are still millions of not billions strong. Also, population probably plays a big factor here. We're still numerically small enough out entire population fits in the confines of a single city.
[quote]Who the -blam!- appointed the speaker to be.. the speaker? Did he just put on a mask and was like "hurrr durr guess I'm gonna speak for the traveler now hurrr"[/quote]
this is honestly the only unknown thing here. We have absolutely no knowledge to go off of as to whether he has any legitimacy in his claims to speak for the Traveler. We also have no information saying he doesn't have that legitimacy. All we know is supposedly "there has always been a Speaker." Authority-wis though, he seems to hold a position similar to a Prime Minister if we think of the Consensus as a Parliament.
English
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I think the speaker was appointed to his elevated status as a pacifier to the faction war that was ensuing and to ease tensions between the factions.
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Well, we know that that is what caused the formation of the Consensus and the Speaker gaining as powerful of a position, but we don't know if he/his position existed in some form before that. We don't seem to have record of him before that, but at the same time supposedly "there has always been a Speaker."we'll probably learn more as the Speaker-Osiris philosophical conflict is expanded on in Destiny 2.
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I was going to say I feel like it's related to Osiris and part of his exile
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Good answer!