How old are you?

Do u have cancer?

Can you hear me. It is a great pleasure for me to be back again in Chile, to celebrate the sixtieth birthday of an old friend, and esteemed colleague, Claudio Bunster, whom I have known for almost forty years. Claudio has done so much for science in general, and for science in Chile in particular. Being in the city of Valdivia where CECs, the center he created, is located, is quite meaningful to me. It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is this more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamt up by science fiction writers, but they are firmly matters of science ~fact. Not that science fiction was slow to climb on the band-wagon after black holes were discovered.. I remember going to the premier of a Walt Dizny film, The Black Hole, in the 1970s. It was about a spaceship, that was sent to investigate a black hole that had been discovered. It wasn't a very good film, but it had an interesting ending. After orbiting the black hole, one of the scientists decides, the only way to find out what is going on, is to go inside.So he gets into a space probe, and dives into the black hole. After a screen writer's depiction of Hell, he emerges into a new universe. This is an early example of the science fiction use of a black hole as a wormhole, a passage from one universe to another, or back to another location in the same universe. Such wormholes, if they existed, would provide short cuts for Interstellar space travel, which otherwise would be pretty slow and tedious, if one had to keep to the Einstein speed limit, and stay below the speed of light. In fact, science fiction writers should not have been taken so much by surprise.The idea behind black holes, has been around in the scientific community for more than 200 years. In 1783,a Cambridge don, John Michell, wrote a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,about what he called dark stars. He pointed out that a star that was sufficiently massive and compact, would have such a strong gravitational field that light could not escape. Any light emitted from the surface of the star, would be dragged back by the star's gravitational attraction, before it could get very far. Michell suggested that there might be a large number of stars like this. Although we would not be able to see them, because the light from them would not reach us, we would still feel their gravitational attraction. Such objects are what we now call black holes, because that is what they are, black voids in space. A similar suggestion was made a few years later, by the French scientist the Marquis de La~plass, apparently independently of Michell. Interestingly enough, La~plass included it in only the first and second editions of his book, The System of the World, and left it out of later editions. Perhaps he decided that it was a crazy idea. Both Michell and La~plass thought of light as consisting of particles, rather like cannon balls, that could be slowed down by gravity, and made to fall back on the star. But a famous experiment, carried out by two Americans, Michelson and Morley in 1887, showed that light always traveled at a speed of one hundred and eighty six thousand miles a second, no matter where it came from. How then could gravity slow down light, and make it fall back. This was impossible, according to the then accepted ideas of space and time. But in 1915, Einstein put forward his revolutionary General Theory of Relativity. In this, space and time were no longer separate and independent entities. Instead, they were just different directions in a single object called spacetime. This spacetime was not flat, but was warped and curved by the matter and energy in it. In order to understand this, considered a sheet of rubber, with a weight placed on it, to represent a star. The weight will form a depression in the rubber, and will cause the sheet near the star to be curved, rather than flat. If one now rolls marbles on the rubber sheet, their paths will be curved, rather than being straight lines. In 1919, a British expedition to West Africa, looked at light from distant stars, that passed near the Sun during an eclipse. They found that the images of the stars, were shifted slightly from their normal positions. This indicated that the paths of the light from the stars, had been bent by the curved spacetime near the Sun. General Relativity was confirmed. Consider now placing heavier and heavier, and more and more concentrated weights on the rubber sheet. They will depress the sheet more and more. Eventually, at a critical weight and size, they will make a bottomless hole in the sheet, that particles can fall into, but nothing can get out of. What happens in spacetime according to General Relativity, is rather similar. A star will curve and distort the spacetime near it, more and more, the more massive and more compact the star is. If a massive star that has burnt up its nuclear fuel, cools and shrinks below a critical size, it will quite literally make a bottomless hole in spacetime, that light can't get out of. Such objects were given the name, black holes, by the American physicist, John Wheeler, who was one of the first to recognize their importance, and the problems they pose. The name caught on quickly.It suggested something dark and mysterious, But the French, being French, saw a more riskay meaning. For years, they resisted the name, troo noir, claiming it was obscene. But that was a bit like trying to stand against ~le week end, and other franglay. In the end, they had to give in.Who can resist a name that is such a winner.

SWIGGITY 　 ∧_∧ 　 ( ･∀･) 　⊂ ⊂　) 　　 ( ( (　 　　(_(＿) 　　　 　 Swoogity 　　 ∧_∧ 　　　 　　( ･∀･) 　　　 　 ( Ｕ つ 　 　 ) ) ) (＿)_) I'm ∧_∧　　 （ ･∀･) ⊂_へ　つ 　(＿)｜ 彡　(＿) Coming ∧_∧　　 (･_･)っ (っ / Lﾉ┘ For that 　 ∧___∧ ⊂(・＿・ ) 　ヽ ⊂二/ 　(⌒) / Booty! ／　　　　　　　 ＼ |　　●　　　　● | ＼　 ___ /

That show was the best... Not that I watched it or anything. :P

WHAT IS YOUR OPINION ON WOMENS RIGHTS

Caillou is a brat.