You can only earn catalyst progression through completing Heroic runs once per week. In addition to this you can earn bonus catalyst progression by completing the hidden puzzle in the Heroic mission for each of the three weekly burns as they cycle through (also used to obtain the exotic ship). By completing both a Heroic run and the weekly burn puzzle each week, you can complete the catalyst in three weeks. Otherwise it will take you a bit longer. (΄◉◞౪◟◉｀)