I have the exact experience. I had not played Destiny 2 for a couple years so I wonder if that is a factor. I got it to work, not sure what did it but this is what i did. I Checked the game add-ons for Destiny 2. I could see there were like 6-8 DLC packs that were not installed. I selected all of them and saved. Each install was around 11mb. I closed and relaunched the game. I still did not get the quest but when I looked at the destinations on the moon there was a red colored icon called "A Mysterious Disturbance." Doing this started the campaign and as I advanced it, I got a message that a new aspect was available. Still progressing to get to bounties though. Good luck.