Range + impact determines how far the damage will go before drop off.
Stability controls the severity and direction of recoil. Rate of fire, Reload, and magazine should all be self explanatory. THere are also hidden traits such as Aim assist and Crit Multiplier.
The Matador has a range of around 6 meters while the Invective is maybe 2 or 3. The Matadors Impact and Range also push it's drop off to it's limits and basicly if the shot hits you, you get it's full effect rather than say half like the Invective. The Invective has a massive RoF so it's a spam gunn. Since it has such low range, you kinda have to spam it around to hit your target since they will be hard to keep track of while right on top of you.
I use this chart for many of my stats. The person that made it hasn't updated it in a while, but many of the ones you need to know are there.
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1L7FV9l4hXo2tHD3XlFUp854XvJIwTKFIPvASLduPPS4/htmlview?usp=sharing&sle=true
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I humbly bow before you. It's not an official answer, but respectable. Thank you! Still! I want Bungie to answer this.