This has been a thing for a long time. Hell, the first time I noticed was in Beyond Light when my Stasis Hunter didn't get the second charge of my melee on mission start so I'm pretty sure it's intended, but I really wish it wasn't as there is no reason for it.
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Thanks folks, hopefully this gets on Bungie’s radar if it isn’t already. It’s definitely not how any ability with multiple charges should work and must be a bug. I do know the Strand Titan kit’s multiple melee charges (not attributed to any aspect or exotic that would increase the number of charges) does not dump charges on respawn, and everything else has no reason to do so.