As far as I know, the light and darkness can do whatever it or the user wants.
I assume the subclasses are just the most popular uses with some outliers like the Iron Lords’ solar axes and the ranged stasis attack Elsie Bray used in her first appearance in Beyond Light.
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yeah It begs to differ what allows those outlier cases to happen, Exo/Elsie had a strong hold on the stasis/darkness and based on being from a different timeline somehow it translates to unique abilities or since the Iron Lords are so old they have had such a long time to master their abilities, Its always been a curiosity of mine to know If a Hunter could theoretically use arc strider as ex say a long-range minigun (imagine the power XD) or are guardians restricted to these classes via the speaker/light,