This isn't a "looking for help" post, it's just a bug report, there is no solution to this issue, it is a hard-lock, nonremedial bug.
By abandoning the "Vengeance" weekly bounty, obtained by turning in 6 Corsair Badges, you completely block your character from receiving anymore "Corsair Down" quests, as it causes the game to think you still have the bounty, but can't trigger it to complete it.
These quests are the primary (non-weekly, like offerings to the Oracle) sources of Purification Ritual bounties, which, other than the offerings to the Oracle, are the only way to receive Transcendent Blessings. I've abandoned this bounty on all 3 of my characters (Didn't know the cause of the issue until I had already abandoned it on all characters, as I thought I was just getting bad RNG while killing the scorn to get the quest), so, until this bug is fixed, I cannot do these quests.