I think you might be close, however I would put forward a slightly different theory.
My theory:
The Traveler is the source of the Vex. There has been much speculation that the Black Garden was originally supposed to be "Inside" the traveler. Also, the speculation indicates that the traveler was actually evil and the source of the darkness. I think, in some fashion, as you suggested, the Traveler soaks up and absorbs "light" and uses it to power itself and the Vex. In game, and in the grimoire, there is lots of speculation as to how the vex are powered and connected. What if, the Traveler is the Vex Power Source and Central "Mind". It absorbs light and powers the vex "network" with it. Look at the vex themselves, the vex weak spot is typically a whit light, when you kill them white light "spills" out ins some sense, the confluxs are also white "light" structures. The vex architecture is also similar to the traveler and there is a theme of concentric circles permeating vex "artwork" if you can call it that... Most of the vex architecture is geometric squares and rectangles, but where they have anything that could be considered to be "decorative" it seems to be circular, also the portals resemble the traveler in appearance and "look". Here is a link to some bungie early vex concept art...
http://dorjebellbrook.blogspot.com/2014/10/destiny-early-vex-exploration_9.html
Look at the second pic down... Remind you of anything?
Vex Teleportation: We know the vex can teleport across space and time (entire star systems), but I doesn't seem like they can just appear anywhere. Otherwise, they would be on earth... Right? Maybe the Traveler sets up a network, almost like a Vex Internet, and the vex can travel anywhere or more likely, materialize anywhere in the network they are called for. The vex seem to act exactly like the Agents from the Matrix... The Vex might not even be "entities" but a physical manifestation of a digital network (I mean they aren't like individual robots built on an assembly line and networked together, but a artificial manifestation of matter controlled by the AI network) In that sense, The Vex don't actually "teleport" but are just materialized and de-materialized at will of the network. Again think of Matrix agents, they aren't "real" they just are input into the world as a physical manifestation of a computer program. This could explain how they teleport and seem to come in virtually endless supply. (I know other enemies also teleport, like fallen captains, but when they move, it is different,) they seem to vanish and re appear in a new spot like the warlock blink, the vex seem to dissolve and re assemble in a digital like fashion.)
The Vex / Traveler connection: The Vex are everywhere the Traveler has "been". The traveler first visited Mercury, (says this in the Grimoire or somewhere, cant remember exactly where...) The Vex were also first seen on Mercury and "turned the whole planet into a Machine" - per dinklebot if i recall. The traveler has also been on Venus and Mars, also now infested with Vex. The traveler is not on Earth, and there are no vex on Earth, Yet.. But, The vex may be something the traveler leaves behind after, to continue its "control" or spread its power and influence. The hive, cabal, and fallen are all fighting the Vex, and you, and each other for the most part. But here is where I really like your theory, it explains why they all came to our solar system. Each of the hive, fallen, and cabal come from far off solar systems, maybe even other galaxies... Why are they here? Perhaps they are following the Traveler to destroy it or contain it from spreading? If they had their own home worlds devastated by the traveler and are now over run with vex they could be either trying to find a new home world, or destroy the traveler, in order to free their home worlds from the vex. If the Traveler is powering and controlling the Vex, destroying it might be the only way for them to reclaim their home-world. I think this is underscored by the fact that each race is primarily interaction with the guardians and the vex, not so much each other. The Hive and Fallen fight each other, one mission they invade the hell mouth, perhaps they were fighting over the travelers shard that the hive was experimenting on? There is a lot unexplained, and these theories seem to piece some of the back story together and make it all makes some sense.
Lastly Vex and Guardians: The Vex don't seem to be trying to actively subvert the Guardians. Any interaction the Guardians have with the Vex results from the Guardians venturing into vex territory and messing with things. They only attack us when we are in what may be considered an offensive operation. We are either in their territory, messing with their confluxes, trying to summon and kill their gate lords, entering the vault of glass, ect. The Guardians are always on the offensive. On the other hand, the Fallen and Hive are invading earth, attacking the guardians, cabal are invading mars and attacking human settlements and occupying human ruins there as well. The Vex seem to be just existing and guarding their shit. This leads me to believe that the Vex are tasked with doing some job, which does not directly involve defeating the guardians, they only fight us b/c we are always attacking them or invading their bases. If the traveler was controlling the Vex this would make perfect sense. Why would the Vex fight us if we are aiding the Traveler? Well they don't, unless we are trying to hinder the Vex. AKA they are defensive but not offensive against the Guardians, they do however seem to be attacking the other races. For example they are invading the house of winter on Venus and trying to kill the Archon.
This of course is all conjecture based on my observations, but if true, would explain a lot that is otherwise unexplained.
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But what about the black garden mission? the black heart was supposedly weakening the traveler. If the vex work for the traveler, why would it use one recourse to destroy another? If it was to wipe out the remaining inhabitants, why bring them back to life? We only have one city left, it wouldn't be hard to crush us.
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IDK, don't have all the answers... Do we know for sure that the Black heart is actually harming the traveler? What is it actually doing? We don't really know. Noticed this in the Grimoire though, "Your discovery is perhaps the greatest of our time. If the Hive were able to infect the Traveler through this long-lost shard of its battered shell, Ulan-Tan's theory may be true - all Light remains connected, across space and time. We cannot let our enemies use this power against us." - Ikora Rey Interestingly enough, our understanding of the Vex is that they also are all connected across space and time.
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Not to get off track (that grimoire got me thinking), I personally believe that the Traveler uses this light as a fuel source for itself, it's ghosts, and the guardians it raises to be its army (helps by minimizing fleet size too, good for sneaking). The Hive are the product of a species completely being drained of their light. I'm thinking that the Hive were former Guardians of the Traveler on another planet and once it left with it's ghosts, it took that light back and that's what remained. The ghosts do revive Guardians from the dead, so religiously speaking their soul has already left. Also if you're not religious (not preaching, so don't make this post something it's not), biologically speaking one's brain cells would be dead by the time of revival which also explains why we have no memory. We are basically empty shells being fueled by "light" which has given us life once more. Perhaps when the Queen gets a larger role she will show us how to separate from our ghost while retaining our light so we do not become the human/awoken/exo version of whatever the Hive are. Or maybe she knows how to rewrite ghosts. I find it odd that she is teamed up with Fallen who are fighting us. The was a leak in development (probably won't be in until Destiny... smh) of a tower-like haven on the reef in full resolution. The guardian on screen wasn't wearing a helmet and had their primary on their back. There were Vandal guards patrolling and what appeared to be vendors. Perhaps you change sides at some point in time?
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Interesting ideas. According to the 404Architect interview, (can't say if it's actually real or not) the starting scene was originally only intended for the Exo characters, so as robots, reviving them from "being dead a long time" wouldn't bend the mind too much... However he also did say all the races were supposed to start out dead and be revived, the others just may not have been dead as long? IDK... A really intriguing question is why are the ghost's named ghosts? Ghosts of the traveler... maybe, but if all guardians were revived from the dead... maybe the ghost is the soul of the guardian, or is artificially keeping the guardian alive via the traveler? Maybe the traveler is powering the Guardians with "light" (we already know light is tied to a guardians level). What happens if the guardian loses his ghost, do they die? We know from the Grimoir that Kabr had his ghost taken away from him by the vex, and is now "no longer Kabr". We also know that the "stranger" does not have a ghost and is not a guardian... She said she was not "born in light", aka revived by the traveler? In a scientific sense, darkness isn't a thing, it is the absence of energy (photons); light and dark are not technically "opposites", light is a presence, where darkness is an absence. "Hot" and "cold" are also the same, something is perceived as "hot" if has a greater level of heat energy, and "cold" if it has a lower level of heat energy. Our perception of hot and cold is based on energy "flow" heat energy naturally flows from high energy areas to low energy areas, when you touch something "cold" the cold is not flowing into you, but draining your heat energy out and absorbing it. When you touch something hot, you hand is cold, and the heat energy flows into it, cooling the thing it absorbs heat from. Absolute zero is the complete absence of all thermal energy, which is impossible, because the "colder" something gets the more readily it absorbs heat from its surroundings. Thus, as of yet, absolute zero is impossible to achieve (and still theoretically impossible as well, at absolute zero, on a subatomic level, matter itself would "freeze", atoms would cease to remain cohesive and they would, again, in theory, fall apart.) Theory aside, as humans our understanding of hot and cold are entirely relative to our frame of reference, In the middle of summer, when the temperature is 90, water that is 50 degrees is "cold", when its 20 out, water that is 50 degrees feels warm. This is because temperature is the felt perception of energy transfer, in the first example, heat is flowing into the water, aka, cold, in the second example, heat is flowing out of the water, aka warm. Light acts in the same way... True "darkness" would be the absence of all light, everything else "light", in a varying degree, just like any temperature above absolute zero is "heat" of some level. So, light and dark are not actual "things" or "opposites", but are relative terms. Again, light follows like heat, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, and never the other way around. (Thinks that are hot will get colder, things that are light will get darker, each high point of energy flows down to the lower level surrounding it). SO WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? Well, in Destiny, there is always talk of "Light" and "Darkness", but what is really meant? The Fallen refer to guardians as "the darkness". From the discussion above, if Guardians were "dark" that would mean that they would attract or "absorb" light from surrounding sources. This does seem to be what the guardians actually do, gaining more light makes them a higher level. Light clearly does not literally refer to "viable light", it is obviously referring to some other "force". In a combination of science and metaphor, if the guardians are absorbing or collecting the "light", those that the "light" is being taken from would perceive the guardian as "dark". If we are all competing to accumulate what ever this "light" is, the flow of this energy determines the relative "light" from "dark". If the Guardians are taking light from the fallen, the fallen will perceive the guardians as "darkness". If the hive are feeding off of the travelers light, the hive are absorbing light and therefore would be perceived as "darkness" as well, to the guardians. If the traveler is absorbing "light" it must be "darkness" because only darkness can absorb light, as it flows from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration. Main point in a nut shell is that we cant have a Binary view of Light and Dark when viewing the metaphors in Destiny because light and dark are not polar opposites, but all degrees of relative comparison.
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You make some really good points that I hadn't thought about. It does clear up loose ends but also brings up more questions. Why would the Traveler seed our worlds with Vex, to what end? Why is it in slumber? What is actually the Darkness? Does this change Rasputin's goal?
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Rasputin is probably just one of many enemies of the traveler. He is only perceived as an enemy to us rite now because we are defending the traveler under the belief that it is defending us. I think the darkness is the traveler in a parallel universe, or at least of the same origins, which feeds off of the darkness that the traveler leaves in its wake.
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Why does any virus spread? It may just be "living" in the way it does, by spreading and growing. If any of our theories are true, the Traveler is acting like a plague host of carrier, spreading itself around the universe. As far as rasputin, what is it? Ya, we know it's a "warmind" built to defend humans... An artificial AI construct of sorts. But exactly what does it mean to defend the humans? From what or who, and how? And why did bungie name it "Rasputin"? The name must have symbolism. Rasputin was a mysterious Russian Monk / Mystic / Holy Man / Prophet / Healer / Adviser / ect to the Russian royal family prior to the Bolshevik revolution in 1917. He warned against going into WWI against the Germans and was outspoken about tension between the lower and upper class in Russia at the time. He was a target for both the nobles and communists alike. He was ultimately murdered by the Russian Nobility because they feared his influence over the Tsar and more interestingly they feared he was plotting to secretly make peace with the Germans during the war.... His murder was also very famous or.. infamous. He was poisoned with cyanide, which didn't kill him, so he was then shot and beaten, which also failed to kill him, he was then shot again, thrown in a sack and thrown into a hole in the ice in a frozen river, where he was determined to have drown. Some people say he escaped and the body was not actually him.. In Destiny case, Rasputin is a warmind / ai, which we know "survived". "Rasputin" is a common euphemism for something or someone who just can't die or wont be killed. This makes sense in this case as "Rasputin" survived all those years after the Golden Age. If Rasputin was a sophisticated AI, maybe it identified, or figured out the connection between the traveler and the vex? and tried to either warn the humans or make some peace with the fallen / hive / or cabal to fight a common enemy? Its possible that Bungie named the Warmind "Rasputin" because its a bad ass name, but more likely to draw some parallel allusion to the real Rasputin. In that case, maybe Rasputin is trying to destroy the Traveler, or make some common cause with the other groups. I just can't help but fell like some how, the other races aren't actually "bad". Maybe it's just the lack of narrative, but why do we hate them? And what do they want? The Vex seem like a plague, that is devouring the galaxy, almost like the Borg in star trek, but everyone else... What do they want? We really don't know.... The Hive wants to destroy the traveler, we are lead to believe, and fights the Guardians, who are allied with the traveler, so that makes sense. The fallen? no idea what they want, cabal? want mars? where do they come from and why? mars seems kinda useless to me. They are also enemy with the vex and are fighting them. The hive look evil, from our perception, but what is their goal? Perhaps everyone just wants to kill the traveler and anyone allied with it... We know Rasputin is guarding "something valuable"... but what? It may be the truth about the traveler, or some proof of what the traveler is, or a way to defeat it... We don't know yet, but there is an interesting connection between the Hive and Rasputin. The Hive is obviously trying to attack the traveler and destroy it for some reason, we just don't know what. Under Old Russia by the coastal area there is a bunker named RAS-2... For "RASputin the second?" the warmind? You can get to the entrance but not inside, some people have glitched inside I think. It is possible that the bunker is the location Rasputin "lives" or where his secret is kept. Out side the bunker entrance are very high level elite hive knights, including a "celebrant of oryx", a very tough and specially named elite not found (to my knowledge) anywhere else in the game as of yet. He is really tough. The Shrine of Oryx on the moon is a mission where you destroy the hives "link" to what ever Oryx is (god or king?). So... What is Oryx and what does Oryx want with Rasputin? If the hive wants to destroy the Traveler, maybe they think Rasputin somehow holds the key? Is this why they are invading earth in the first place? There is also a place right next to the earth spawn point (just to the left) where you go down some subway stairs and end up facing 3 more elite hive knights at lvl 20. I didn't find this when I first started playing, but the stairs are in sight of the cosmodrome starting area, a nasty surprise for any beginners who unwittingly wandered to their death on their first free roam experience. Here as well, the hive is guarding a room with the same architecture style as the RAS-2 Bunker entrance. So, what do the hive want? They are obviously not here to just ruin our day...
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I think you're right that maybe the races aren't all "bad". Rasputin is the key, and I actually posted about the Russian monk in another thread. Rasputin has to be the key. His name is one of the few things repeated throughout the game dialogue and story. Fallen are found in the Array station where he is first found and the Cabal were messing with the AI on mars that Rasputin now controls. And the Hive down in the tunnels. Maybe Rasputin found a way to stop the Traveler and all the races want to know how.