For new players, shoot an enemy right before they attack to parry them, then walk up close to them and R1 to do a powerful attack. Most bosses can be parried, even the big ones if you hit them enough
I didn’t figure this out until my second play through. It’s annoying that the game doesn’t tell you about such a powerful ability, but that what makes it fun to figure out.
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Because I figured that the gun is meant to interrupt rather than do heavy damage, I used it to interrupt attacks and eventually figured it out... halfway through the game.