The Traveler ditched the Eliksni before the Great Whirlwind and left them to fend for themselves. It was only after Rasputin practically anchored it to Earth that it created the Ghosts.
Now some Eliksni might have the potential to be Lightbearers, but we haven't seen an Eliksni Guardian thus far. Mithrax or even Variks would be very interesting to see as Guardians, but at the same time they'd lose their memories which are probably more important to the story atm.
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Rasputin never shot the Traveler. Even if he did, his conventional weaponry would have no effect like when he fought the Darkness. For proof of this, the Warmind mission in the EDZ has you going to get a shard of the Traveler to lure Xol. After the fight the shard is covered in Taken blight, and Rasputin basically sends in an orbital strike. The Goo is displaced, but the Traveler shard is undamaged by his attack.
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After doing some digging it appears I was indeed wrong. Rasputin was [i]attempting[/i] to disable the Traveler if it decided to leave humanity but never actually fired its weapons. Still, if Rasputin though it could disable the Traveler with its stronger weapons despite having no chance against the Darkness, it does still imply that Rasputin is more powerful than we give credit. It's probably likely that it could have destroyed that small shard if it really wanted to or that goo was much tougher than it looked. If he couldn't, then that implies the Ace of Spades is stronger than a damn orbital strike since Uldren managed to shoot a hole into an even larger shard.
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Uldren had Darkness within him, which is why he was able to damage the Traveler Shard. You can actually see this neat little detail in the cutscene. :)
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Yes, he had black goop in his eyes, but not on the gun or anywhere else really. In fact there was no noticeable indication that the Darkness enhanced the weapon at all.